What is NaturalNews NaturalPedia? | Information for Authors Home | About Natural News | Contact Us | About the Consumer Wellness Center
NaturalNews.com > NaturalPedia > Anatomy > Cardiovascular

Cardiovascular

page 2 of 56 | Next -> Email this page to a friend

Want news about Cardiovascular and more e-mailed to you? Click here for free email alerts


Feel Better, Live Longer with Vitamin B-3

Dr. Abram Hoffer, MD, FRCP (C) and Dr. Harold D. Foster, PhD
See book keywords and concepts
Nicotinic acid in the therapy of the cardiovascular apparatus. In: Niacin in Vascular Disorders and Hyperlipemia. Altschul R (ed.). Springfield, IL: CC Thomas, 1964. 6 McCracken RD. Niacin and Human Health Disorders. Fort Collins, CO: Hygea Publishing Co., 1994. 7 Altschul R, Hoffer A, Stephen ID. Influence of nicotinic acid on serum cholesterol in man. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1955;54:558-59. 8 Parsons WB Jr. Cholesterol Control without Diet! The Niacin Solution. Revised, Expanded, 2nd ed. Scottsdale, AZ: Lilac Press, 2003. 9 Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, et al.
If we were to add 100 mg of niacinamide to every person's diet, there would be a major decrease in the incidence of schizophrenia and many other diseases, including cardiovascular and 7 coronary disease, Huntington's and Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and senility, arthritis and certain addictions, stress disorders and various cancers, as well as the classic vitamin B-3 deficiency disease, pellagra. There are two main forms of vitamin B-3, nicotinic acid, known medically as niacin, and nicotinamide, known medically as niacinamide.

The Science of Flavonoids

Erich Grotewold
See book keywords and concepts
A majority of these reports focus on the antioxidant characteristics of flavonoid-rich diets and their enhancement of cardiovascular health. However, a growing number of reports in the pharmacology literature characterize flavonoid interactions with cellular components implicated in neurological pathologies and cancer. As the effective flavonoid concentrations employed in pharmacological studies utilizing cell cultures are often orders of magnitude higher than the serum concentrations seen in humans, some discrimination is required when interpreting these reports.

Feel Better, Live Longer with Vitamin B-3

Dr. Abram Hoffer, MD, FRCP (C) and Dr. Harold D. Foster, PhD
See book keywords and concepts
Serum ascorbic acid and cardiovascular disease prevalence in US adults. Epidemiology 1999 May;9(3):3i6-2i. 8 ADVANCE. Module 6.1 Special Requirements of Cats, http://www.speedyvet.com/ nutrition/default.asp?module=68q>age=specialrequirements 9 Friis H. Micronutrients and infections: An introduction. In: Friis H (ed.) Micronutrients and HIV Infection. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2001:1-21. 10 Shute WB. Vitamin E Book. New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, 1978. 11 Shute EV. The Heart and Vitamin E. London, ON: The Shute Foundation for Medical Research, 1969.

Review of Archos 705 WiFi Digital Video Recorder and Player

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
REPPED: Watching video on a portable video player is a great way to make the time fly by while engaged in cardiovascular exercise. So I recently decided to try out the new Archos 705 WiFi digital video recorder and player to see how well it work as a portable video device to use in the gym while exercising. This article contains my review. Archos calls their 705 WiFi device a "generation 5" device and claims to have conquered "at least five major technological breakthroughs.

Comfortably Numb: How Psychiatry Is Medicating a Nation

Charles Barber
See book keywords and concepts
What is not so widely known is that, as a group, psychotherapeutic drugs, along with cardiovascular medications, have been the primary source of Big Pharma's profits over the last two decades. Collectively, central nervous system drugs, of which psychiatric drugs are the primary component, are among the fastest-growing segments of the world market. CNS diseases, which include Alzheimer's and Parkinson's as well as psychiatric diseases, are, well, hot. They represent dream marketing opportunities for drug makers, for a number of reasons.
People with NMS can die of pneuomonia, renal failure, seizures, respiratory failure, and cardiovascular collapse. Betty didn't die, but she never came all the way back. Although she gradually became conscious, everything wasn't the same as before. She was put on another antipsychotic and closely monitored, but things were never the same. She returned to the residence but it didn't work out. She was slower, dumber, more tentative, and scared. A sort of permanent fuzziness set in, and she couldn't keep the voices at bay. The cigarettes and soap operas didn't matter. She wasn't well.
In fact, many common illnesses—diabetes, HIV/AIDS, forms of hepatitis, cardiovascular disease—do not conform to that model whatsoever. The fact remains that most major psychiatric illnesses are episodic but chronic. The medications, as we have learned, are a long way from providing any true remediation of even major psychiatric disorders. Recovery then involves both a coming to terms with symptoms—one hopes in the context of their gradual moderation, but this is not always the case—and finding a meaningful life in their midst.

Feel Better, Live Longer with Vitamin B-3

Dr. Abram Hoffer, MD, FRCP (C) and Dr. Harold D. Foster, PhD
See book keywords and concepts
If this process is not inhibited in time, it will lead to increased levels of triglycerides in the blood, higher levels of cholesterol, and eventually serious cardiovascular risk. It is known that rats subjected to stress experience increased levels of blood cholesterol and triglycerides. A Californian study showed that in accountants, the levels of these lipids rose before tax deadlines, showing the extreme sensitivity of lipid level to stress. Clinical Evidence Dr E.
Enough is known about the biochemical effects of niacin for us to say that niacin exerts a protective effect upon the basic chemistry that researchers believe cause many forms of cardiovascular disease."6 Clinical Evidence Hypercholesterolemia The discovery that niacin lowered cholesterol levels arose from research conducted by Professor Rudl Altschul, Chair, Department of Anatomy, University of Saskatchewan. Professor Altschul had found that rabbits developed hypercholesterolemia very rapidly if they were fed cooked egg yolk in a specially baked cake.
This figure is probably an underestimate since those with arthritis (20%), addictions (10%), schizophrenia (2%), learning and/or behavioral disorders (5% of children), cardiovascular disease, coronary disease, and stroke (30%), cancer (50%), or severe stress (unknown) would very likely improve if given more niacin. The addition of 100 mg of niacinamide to the public diet would enormously reduce human suffering and have a major impact on the unnecessary escalation of healthcare costs.

Health Begins in the Colon

Dr. Edward F. Group III, DC, ND, DACBN
See book keywords and concepts
Job stress has been identified as a significant risk factor for a number of health problems, including cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, alcoholism/drug addiction, workplace injuries, eating disorders, and even suicide in severe cases. • It's estimated 3 out of 4 people experience significant levels of stress at least every other week. Staggering Stress Statistics (contd.) "Research indicates that up to one-third of all workers report high levels of stress on the job."98 "48% of workers say they have too much work to do ... and unreasonable deadlines."99 "U.S.

New "Juice Feasting" Emerging as Phytonutrient-Rich Disease-Fighting Nutritional System

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
It halts cancer better than chemotherapy, stabilizes blood sugar (and reverses diabetes) better than diabetes drugs, reverses heart disease better than cardiovascular drugs, and stabilizes moods and mental function better than antidepressants. It creates radiant skin, happy moods, clean breath and loads of natural energy. It's something you can start right now and continue for a life time. It's incredibly delicious. Once you try this, you'll want more. It's affordable! It's actually no more expensive than the processed foods it replaces. What is it?

Doctors, American Medical Association hawked cigarettes as healthy for consumers

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
MD, director of the University of California Medical Center's cardiovascular research institute and chairman of University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Medicine; and Edwin B. Wilson, PhD, LLD, professor of vital statistics, Harvard University. According to the New York State Archives, the TIRC's functions "included both the funding of research and carrying out public relations activities relating to tobacco and health.

FDA refuses to pull dangerous diabetes drug Avandia, even knowing it will kill thousands

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
Gerald Del Pan, director of the Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology, expressed concern about keeping Avandia on the market. "Cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death of people with diabetes, having a treatment that causes that is something that doesn't make sense to me," he said. Glaxo inundates the FDA with confusing data Yet the majority at the FDA sided with the drug company Glaxo. "Let's not throw out the baby with the bathwater," Philip L.

Unraveling the lies about the antioxidant study on vitamins E and C

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
Do you really think a hospital staffed by doctors receiving hundreds of thousands of dollars from drug companies is going to acknowledge that cardiovascular disease can be prevented without drugs by simply taking low-cost antioxidant vitamins? Of course not. And that's why their press release about the antioxidant study is, in my opinion, a fantastic example of outrageous intellectual dishonesty in medicine today. These people are so intoxicated by drug money influence that they calculate statistics like drunken sailors and practice medicine like quacks.

What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Diabetes: An Innovative Program to Prevent, Treat, and Beat This Controllable Disease

Steven V. Joyal
See book keywords and concepts
There are also drugs used to treat diabetes-associated conditions, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and cardiovascular concerns. Currently, there are innovative new classes of drugs that target beta-cell dysfunction, a core cause of metabolic disease and type 2 diabetes. In fact, these drugs represent the most important advance in the drug treatment of diabetes in the past few years. These new drugs target incretins (which we explain below) and include glucagon-like peptide and dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors.

Unraveling the lies about the antioxidant study on vitamins E and C

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
And they're basing that conclusion on a study that actually showed the vitamins to be far better at preventing cardiovascular disease than any prescription drug! How to lie with statistics So how can anyone claim these vitamins are worthless when the study clearly shows a strong, significant health benefit in those who take the vitamins? It's simple: the results of the study can be made to look poor by counting the results of all the people who didn't take the vitamins!

NewsTarget readers demand retractions from major media outlets over erroneous reporting of antioxidant study

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
The study clearly showed that women who took vitamins E and C experienced a statistically significant and rather remarkable reduction in risk of heart attacks (22 percent reduction), strokes (31 percent reduction) and other cardiovascular events. Yet the American Medical Association issued a press release implying that the study found antioxidants to be of no use whatsoever, and the mainstream media ran that as de facto news without bothering to assess whether the opinion of the AMA was, in fact, true. (And apparently without actually reading the study in question.
According to virtually all the headlines printed in major media outlets, this study found vitamins E and C to be utterly worthless in preventing cardiovascular disease and stroke. And yet, in reality, the study proved that those women who actually took the vitamins were protected to such a high degree than almost no pharmaceutical on the market can match their success! It's true: A pharmaceutical that reduced stroke risk by 31 percent while introducing no negative side effects would be considered a medical miracle.

Product Review: New natural health products

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
It's designed specifically to support eye health, but the truth is that it also supports the entire nervous system, cardiovascular health, digestive health and much more. Check it out at www.GoodHealthUsa.com I've been looking for a quality sprayable vitamin product for a long time, and this is it! I like this spray because it avoid all the fillers and excipients used in vitamin pills and capsules, meaning it gets digested almost instantly (there's no bulk or fiber to have to break apart). The same company also has a product called New Focus that I also recommend.

What's best? Soy milk, cow's milk, raw milk and fermented milk (kefir)

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
The pasteurization kills all the beneficial microorganisms, and homogenization artificially modifies dairy fats in a way that ultimately harms the human cardiovascular system when consumed. Processed "mainstream" milk is also taken from dairy cows pumped up with antibiotics, rBGH (Bovine Growth Hormone) and usually treated very poorly in terms of ethics. Even the popular brands showing happy cows and claiming to be organic are under intense fire by the Organic Consumers Association (www.OrganicConsumers.

Top 20 things that are more dangerous to children than lead paint in Mattel toys

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
This homogenization also makes milk fats dangerous to cardiovascular health. While I support the consumption of raw, unprocessed milk, I think that consuming processed, homogenized milk is dangerous to the health of infants, children and adults alike! 11. Fast food Fast food is extremely unhealthy for children. Not only are the foods often fried, homogenized, hydrogenated and otherwise altered, they're also laced with chemical additives, taste enhancers, processed sugars, petrochemical food coloring and other unhealthy substances.

Men are waking up to the enormous benefits of natural health and nutrition

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
Mineralization strategies (taking trace minerals, zinc, magnesium, and quality calcium supplements) to boost cardiovascular health, eliminate excess stress, accelerate tissue repair and recovery speeds and resist infectious disease. Planned sunlight exposure for enhanced creation of vitamin D which prevents gum disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, depression, heart disease, obesity and all kinds of cancers including prostate cancer.

30-Day Supply of Cherry Concentrate Supplements for Every NewsTarget Reader in the U.S.

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
In fact, the only side effects of cherries are all beneficial: Improved cardiovascular health, nervous system protection, reversal of gout and so on. Cherries are 100% biocompatible with the human body (synthethic pharmaceuticals are not). Cherries are grown by nature and contain natural phytonutrients that your body recognizes. Pharmaceuticals on the other hand, are concocted in a laboratory and contain synthetic chemicals that are toxic to the liver, kidneys and brain. Which would you rather use as medicine? You can start using CherryFlex as natural medicine right now.

The Science of Flavonoids

Erich Grotewold
See book keywords and concepts
Soy protein, isoflavones and cardiovascular disease risk, J Nutr, 128: 1589- 1592. Lin, A, and Karin, M, 2003, NF-kappaB in cancer: a marked target, Semin Cancer Biol, 13: 107-114. Lin, J. K, 2002, Cancer chemoprevention by tea polyphenols through modulating signal transduction pathways, Arch Pharm Res 25: 561-571. Lin, J. K., Chen, P. C, Ho, C. T., and Lin-Shiau, S. Y., 2000, Inhibition of xanthine oxidase and suppression of intracellular reactive oxygen species in HL-60 cells by theaflavin-3,3'-digallate, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and propyl gallate, J Agric Food Chem, 48: 2736-2743.

New "Juice Feasting" Emerging as Phytonutrient-Rich Disease-Fighting Nutritional System

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
I'm pushing more weight in the gym, I have incredible cardiovascular endurance, and my coordination and balance is just outstanding. (I've been pulling one-handed handstands on the workout floor on a regular basis.) I'm 38 years old. People tell me I work out like I'm 25. This tells me quite clearly that the Juice Feasting diet is providing me with plenty of protein. That's no surprise, since the raw spinach and other vegetables I'm juicing are very high in protein in their raw, uncooked state.

Men are waking up to the enormous benefits of natural health and nutrition

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
Among the best strategies now being embraced by in-the-know men are: Fish oils (omega-3 fatty acids) for enhanced brain function, immune function, metabolism and cardiovascular health. Hemp protein and quinoa for complete proteins from plants (which avoid the chemical contamination found in most animal fats). Superfruit antioxidants for protection of the brain, heart, skin, eyes and cellular DNA (these superfruits include acai, blueberries, raspberries, noni, mangosteen, goji and so on).

The false gods of scientific medicine revealed: It's a cult, not a science

Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts
This is why cholesterol drugs have been scientifically proven worthless in preventing heart attacks or other fatal cardiovascular events. Most drugs don't work on most people. Claims of benefits are highly exaggerated by reporting their relative percentage rather than absolute percentage of efficacy. For example, if two people out of 100 normally get breast cancer, and a drug causes that number to be reduced to one person out of 100, the drug company will claim a "50% reduction in breast cancer!" when, in reality, it's a 1% reduction across the population.

Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me, 7th Edition

Paula Begoun and Bryan Barron
See book keywords and concepts
Scientific literature is clear that stem cells are indeed the basis for every organ, tissue, and cell produced in the human body, and it is possible that stem cells may be able to repair or replace damaged tissue, thereby reversing diseases and injuries such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and blood diseases, to name a few. But notice the wording, may be. We just don't know, and neither does Amatokin. Research on adult stem cells, as well as on embryonic stem cells (though the latter is far more controversial), holds great potential.

page 2 of 56 | Next ->

FAIR USE NOTICE: The research quoted here is provided under the protection of Fair Use provisions and published by the 501(c)3 non-profit Consumer Wellness Center for the purposes of public comment and education. Authors / publishers may submit books for consideration of inclusion here.

TERMS OF USE: Read full terms of use. Citations of text from NaturalPedia must include: 1) Full credit to the original author and book title. 2) Secondary credit to the Natural News Naturalpedia as a research resource and a link to www.NaturalNews.com/np/index.html

This unique compilation of research is copyright (c) 2008 by the non-profit Consumer Wellness Center.

ABOUT THE CREATOR OF NATURALPEDIA: Mike Adams, the creator of this NaturalNews Naturalpedia, is the editor of NaturalNews.com, the internet's top natural health news site, creator of the Honest Food Guide (www.HonestFoodGuide.org), a free downloadable consumer food guide based on natural health principles, author of Grocery Warning, The 7 Laws of Nutrition, Natural Health Solutions, and many other books available at www.TruthPublishing.com, creator of the earth-friendly EcoLEDs company (www.EcoLEDs.com) that manufactures energy-efficient LED lighting products, founder of Arial Software (www.ArialSoftware.com), a permission e-mail technology company, creator of the CounterThink Cartoon series (www.NaturalNews.com/index-cartoons.html) and author of over 1,500 articles, interviews, special reports and reference guides available at www.NaturalNews.com. Adams' personal philosophy and health statistics are available at www.HealthRanger.org.

Refine your search
with Cardiovascular...

...and Key Health Concepts:

...and Disease
...and Exercise
...and Health
...and Diet
...and Treatment
...and Diseases
...and Problems
...and Drugs
...and Foods
...and Symptoms

...and Anatomy:

...and Heart
...and Blood
...and Body
...and Arteries
...and Cells
...and Brain
...and Muscle
...and Liver
...and Skin
...and Blood vessels

...and Concepts:

...and Risk
...and Study
...and Studies
...and Activity
...and Research
...and Pressure
...and Time
...and Damage
...and Benefits
...and Conditions

...and Physiology:

...and Effects
...and Levels
...and Effect
...and Increase
...and Prevent
...and Function
...and Intake
...and Helps
...and Attack
...and Increases

...and Health Conditions and Diseases:

...and Heart disease
...and Cancer
...and Diabetes
...and Heart attack
...and High blood pressure
...and Cardiovascular disease
...and Stroke
...and Pain
...and Hypertension
...and Inflammation

...and Nutrients:

...and Vitamin
...and Vitamin C
...and Vitamin E
...and Magnesium
...and Antioxidant
...and Calcium
...and Antioxidants
...and Folic acid
...and Potassium
...and Enzyme

...and Objects:

...and People
...and Oil
...and Journal
...and Vitamins
...and University
...and Plant
...and Data
...and Label
...and Animal
...and Capsules

...and Who:

...and Patients
...and Women
...and Men
...and Children
...and Human
...and Americans
...and Physician
...and Patient
...and Adults
...and Doctors

...and Adjectives:

...and Medical
...and Natural
...and Clinical
...and Chronic
...and Healthy
...and Normal
...and Total
...and Fatty
...and Essential
...and New

...and Substances:

...and Acid
...and Water
...and Food
...and Lead
...and Extract
...and Oxygen
...and Acids
...and Bacteria
...and Tonic
...and Tincture

...and Actions:

...and Taking
...and Eat
...and Avoid
...and Eating
...and Smoking
...and Growth
...and Drink
...and Walking
...and Preventing
...and Breathing

...and Foods and Beverages:

...and Fish
...and Tea
...and Alcohol
...and Vegetables
...and Sugar
...and Fruits
...and Wine
...and Meat
...and Juice
...and Soy

...and Macronutrients:

...and Protein
...and Fats
...and Oils
...and Fatty acids
...and Calories
...and Enzymes
...and Seeds
...and Fiber
...and Mineral
...and Minerals

...and Medical Terms:

...and Results
...and Doses
...and Properties
...and Dose
...and Syndrome
...and Serum
...and Placebo
...and Dosage
...and Double-blind
...and Inhibitors

...and Biological Measures:

...and Blood pressure
...and Heart rate
...and Triglycerides
...and Blood cholesterol
...and Blood levels
...and Body weight
...and Blood sugar levels
...and Blood glucose
...and Height

...and Plants and Herbs:

...and Garlic
...and Ginseng
...and Root
...and Green tea
...and Leaves
...and Ginkgo
...and Ginger
...and Ephedra
...and Turmeric
...and Flowers

...and Medical Adjectives:

...and Cardiac
...and Aerobic
...and Adverse
...and Gastrointestinal
...and Mental
...and Acute
...and Respiratory
...and Digestive
...and Therapeutic
...and Vascular

...and Biological Functions:

...and Metabolism
...and Period
...and Concentration
...and Digestion
...and Memory
...and Weight loss
...and Strength
...and Breath
...and Attention
...and Vision

...and Hormones and Biochemistry:

...and Homocysteine
...and Insulin
...and Estrogen
...and Hormones
...and Cortisol
...and Lipids
...and Estrogens
...and Steroid
...and Methionine
...and Histamine

...and Drugs:

...and Aspirin
...and Sedative
...and Antibiotic
...and Tablets
...and Diuretic
...and Antibiotics
...and Antidepressants
...and Chemotherapy
...and Antidepressant
...and Diuretics

...and Where:

...and United states
...and Chinese
...and America
...and China
...and California
...and Japan
...and Boston
...and Harvard
...and England
...and Indian

...and Chemicals:

...and Caffeine
...and Free radicals
...and Mercury
...and Pesticides
...and Nicotine
...and Fluoride
...and Carcinogens
...and Ethanol
...and Additives
...and Pesticide

...and Properties:

...and Anti-inflammatory
...and Oxidation
...and Antimicrobial
...and Antifungal
...and Calming
...and Analgesic
...and Expectorant
...and Relieves
...and Antiseptic
...and Relieving

...and Organizations:

...and Fda
...and Clinic
...and School of medicine
...and Medical center
...and Epa
...and Medical school
...and Manufacturers
...and Hospitals
...and Lancet
...and Drug companies

...and Treatment Modalities:

...and Aerobic exercise
...and Relaxation
...and Massage
...and Yoga
...and Fasting
...and Chinese medicine
...and Detoxification
...and Meditation
...and Acupuncture
...and Cleanse

...and Supplements:

...and Coenzyme q10
...and Fish oil
...and Flaxseed oil
...and Spirulina
...and Lactobacillus
...and Glucosamine

...and Animals:

...and Rats
...and Dogs
...and Mice
...and Turkey
...and Insect
...and Cats
...and Cat
...and Horse
...and Worms
...and Cattle

...and When:

...and December
...and July
...and September
...and February
...and April
...and August
...and Winter
...and October
...and At night
...and Summer

...and Ingredients:

...and Sodium
...and Fructose
...and Msg
...and Food additives
...and Lactose
...and Aspartame
...and Preservatives

Related Concepts:

Heart
Disease
Blood
Risk
People
Effects
Study
Levels
Blood pressure
Body
Acid
Exercise
Heart disease
Patients
Health
Studies
Cancer
Diet
Women
Effect
Diabetes
Vitamin
Treatment
Activity
Diseases
Garlic
Problems
Increase
Drugs
Foods
Symptoms
Heart attack
Research
High blood pressure
Drug
Pressure
Prevent
Function
Cardiovascular disease
Arteries
Stroke
Time
Cells
Intake
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Taking
Brain
Oil
Men
Muscle
Liver
Magnesium
Damage
Antioxidant
Calcium
Results
Benefits
Pain
Water
Medical
Food
Natural
Helps
Clinical
Chronic
Medicine
Conditions
Healthy
Aspirin
Fish
Normal
Supplementation
Eat
Attack
Increases
Protein
Total
Reduced
Tea
Hypertension
Lead
Death
Skin
Journal
Inflammation
Factors
Fats
Extract
Disorders
Group
Heart attacks
Atherosclerosis
Energy
Oxygen
Improve
Oils
Supplements
Side effects
Causes